A filozófia, a vallás és a tudomány viszonya az ókori Kínában, az újonnan felfedezett írásos források tükrében = The relation of ancient Chinese philosophy, religion and science as reflected in the recently discovered written sources

A 2002 és 2005 között zajló kutatás számos eredményt hozott. Ezek egy részét már publikáltuk különféle hazai és nemzetközi szakfolyóiratokban, szakkönyvekben, más részét pedig a közeljövőben kívánjuk közzétenni. Munkánk során bebizonyosodott, hogy az újonnan felfedezett írott források jelentős mennyiségű új információt nyújtanak a kínai gondolkodás különféle aspektusainak, illetve azok egymáshoz való viszonyának vizsgálatához. A kutatás feltárta az ókori kínai filozófia, vallás és tudomány számos, eddig ismeretlen régióját, és a gondolkodás e területeinek sok lényeges összefüggését. Kutatásaink egyik fontos eredménye, hogy sikerült olyan, eddig ismeretlen természetfilozófiai teóriákat rekonstruálnunk, amelyek jól kimutathatóan szoros, és intenzív kölcsönhatásban álltak a gondolkodás különféle területeivel. Ezen természetfilozófiai teóriák közé több kozmogóniai és kozmológiai elképzelés tartozik. A szóban forgó elképzelések feltárása lehetővé tette számunkra egyebek mellett a korabeli tudomány jobb megértését, megismerését. Jelentős eredménynek tekintjük, hogy sikerült minden eddiginél pontosabban meghatároznunk a korabeli gondolkodás számos fontos fogalmát, sikerült feltérképeznünk több, gondolkodástörténeti szempontból alapvető jelentőségű terminus jelentéstartalmát. Ez a munka szintén rávilágított a korabeli filozófia, vallás és tudomány számos kapcsolódási pontjára. Kutatásaink sok eredményt hoztak az ókori Kína vallási elképzeléseinek és mitológiájának tanulmányozása terén is. Sikerült rávilágítanunk a népi vallásosság (sámánizmus, exorcizmus), és a gondolkodás más területeinek több fontos összefüggésére. | Our research carried out between 2002 and 2005 has led to several conclusions. Some parts of our research results have already been published, some will be published in the near future. Our work has clearly demonstrated that the recently discovered written sources provide a huge quantity of new information for the research of various aspects of the ancient Chinese thinking and of the relationship between these aspects. The research has revealed many important and so far unknown theories and overlappings of the ancient Chinese philosophy, religion and science. One important result of our research is that we have reconstructed several previously unknown theories of natural philosophy which were in intensive interaction with several fields of the thinking of the time. Among these theories of natural philosophy there are several cosmogonical and cosmological ones. We are convinced that the reconstruction of these theories has led us to a better understanding of the ancient Chinese science. At the same time we have explored the scope of meaning of several important terms of the ancient Chinese thinking. This work has also shed light on many linkages of the philosophy, religion and science of the period. Our work has yield lots of results also in the research of the fields of mythology and religion. The team has discovered many connections between the popular religion (shamanism, exorcism etc.) and other fields of the thinking of the period

Quality of functional movement patterns and injury examination in elite-level male professional football players

The purpose of this study is to examine the quality of functional movement patterns among one of Hungary’s first league soccer clubs, where the elite male football players (N = 20) utilize the well-established Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS) system; a comprehensive functional program designed to determine and identify the quality of movement and the greatest risk factors for non-contact injuries. Furthermore, an additional purpose of this program is to examine injuries over the course of 6 competitive months. Focusing on the mechanisms of injuries and their causes in the lower extremities during this period is one of the key objectives. Over the course of 6 months we found significant differences between ankle injuries and the FMS Hurdle Step exercise (p < 0.05), and the FMS Deep Squat exercise and knee and hip injuries (p < 0.05). The FMS pre-screening system found lower limb asymmetry present in 40% of the participants. The authors believe that the importance of preventative measures and structural sport specific pre-screening cannot be overemphasized, and that there is a growing need for further transparent research in this field in order to be more effective with regard to programs dedicated to injury prevention and the enhancement players’ physical performance

Photon-number distributions of twin beams generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion and measured by an intensified CCD camera

The measurement of photon-number statistics of fields composed of photon pairs, generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion and detected by an intensified CCD camera is described. Final quantum detection efficiencies, electronic noises, finite numbers of detector pixels, transverse intensity spatial profiles of the detected beams as well as losses of single photons from a pair are taken into account in a developed general theory of photon-number detection. The measured data provided by an iCCD camera with single-photon detection sensitivity are analyzed along the developed theory. Joint signal-idler photon-number distributions are recovered using the reconstruction method based on the principle of maximum likelihood. The range of applicability of the method is discussed. The reconstructed joint signal-idler photon-number distribution is compared with that obtained by a method that uses superposition of signal and noise and minimizes photoelectron entropy. Statistics of the reconstructed fields are identified to be multi-mode Gaussian. Elements of the measured as well as the reconstructed joint signal-idler photon-number distributions violate classical inequalities. Sub-shot-noise correlations in the difference of the signal and idler photon numbers as well as partial suppression of odd elements in the distribution of the sum of signal and idler photon numbers are observed.Comment: 14 pages, 14 figure

Production Technology and Competitiveness In the Hungarian Manufacturing Industry

Following the big transformations of the 1990s, enterprise structure and technological level seem to have become stabilised in Hungary. Under these circumstances it is especially interesting to identify the elements responsible for competitiveness in general, and the role technology plays in development in particular, according to managers experienced in production and marketing. This empirical study – based on in-depth interviews and field research – summarises characteristics of the technological level in the sectors examined, role of technology and labour in production, effects of foreign direct investment, relations between competition and firm-level factors determining competitiveness, and concludes by summing up those most frequently mentioned proposals that should be incorporated into economic policy according to managers. Main findings indicate that more qualified, more intensive and cheaper labour can be substituted for high technology. The competitiveness of an enterprise is not determined by technology alone, but rather by a combination of technology, the parameters of available labour and the costs of investment increasing productivity. The insufficiency of inter-company relations, together with a shortage of available assets necessary for investment constitute the major threat undermining the competitiveness of enterprises in present-day Hungary

Pre-Excitation Studies for Rubidium-Plasma Generation

The key element in the Proton-Driven-Plasma-Wake-Field-Accelerator (AWAKE) project is the generation of highly uniform plasma from Rubidium vapor. The standard way to achieve full ionization is to use high power laser which can assure the over-barrier-ionization (OBI) along the 10 meters long active region. The Wigner-team in Budapest is investigating an alternative way of uniform plasma generation. The proposed Resonance Enhanced Multi Photon Ionization (REMPI) scheme probably can be realized by much less laser power. In the following the resonant pre-excitations of the Rb atoms are investigated, theoretically and the status report about the preparatory work on the experiment are presented.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Nucl. Inst. and Meth. in Phys. Res.

Multiple-photon resolving fiber-loop detector

We show first reconstructions of the photon-number distribution obtained with a multi-channel fiber-loop detector. Apart from analyzing the statistics of light pulses this device can serve as a sophisticated postselection device for experiments in quantum optics and quantum information. We quantify its efficiency by means of the Fisher information and compare it to the efficiency of the ideal photodetector.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure